Computer Crime - 3446 Words

Computer Crime Computer crimes need to be prevented and halted thought increased computer network security measures as well as tougher laws and enforcement of those laws in cyberspace: Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. All that is required is a personal computer, a modem, and a phone line. Increasing instances of white-collar crime involve computers as more businesses automate and information becomes an important asset. Computers are objects of crime when they or their contents are damaged, as when terrorists attack computer centers with explosives or gasoline, or when a computer virus--a program capable of altering or erasing computer memory--is†¦show more content†¦Todays Techno bandits generally fall one of three groups, listed in the order of the threat they pose: 1. Current or former computer operations employees. 2. Career criminals who use computers to ply their trade. 3. The hacker. Outsiders who break into computer systems are sometimes more of a threat, but employees and ex-employees are usually in a better position to steal. Because we rely more and more on computers, we also depend on those who make them and run them. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the fastest growing employment opportunities are in the field computers and data- processing. Since money is a common motive for those who use their computing know-how to break the law, losses from computer theft are expected to grow as the number of computer employees rises. The following are examples of how employees that work on computers can gain profit at the employers expense: In 1980, two enterprising ticket agents for TransWorld Airlines (TWA) discovered how to make their employers computer work for them. The scam went like this: When a passenger used cash to pay for a one-way ticket, Vince Giovengo sent in the credit change form, which should have been discarded. He kept the receipt the should have been given to the costumer for paying cash. Samuel Paladina, who helped board passengers, kept the part of the travelers ticket that should have been returned to the costumer. The twoShow MoreRelatedComputer Crimes And Computer Crime1066 Words   |  5 Pagescomputer crimes oc/wcc Introduction Ever since computers and networks were invented there have been hackers and computer crimes have grown with the advancement of technology. As with the advancement of technology and computer crimes there have been many types of computer crimes that have evolved with technology. There have been laws in place to help reduce and regulate computers and computer crimes. History of computer crimes Computers and networks became increasingly known and used inRead MoreComputer Crime And Its Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computersRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime1296 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes† (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The term hacker came about in the early 80’s defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. HoweverRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes may threatenRead MoreComputer Crime Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: COMPUTER CRIME Categories of Computer Crime S.R Skolnick Strayer University In todays society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known as theRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegallyRead More Computer Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesof the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has reallyRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Computer Crime2441 Words   |  10 Pagesexposed to computers each day are also increasing. Using computers have become part of our daily lives to the extent that the world would not function as it would now without the use of computers. With that, criminals are moving on to using computers for their criminal activities and thus computer crimes are born. Every now and then we will hear news of companies getting hacked, government websites being defaced, customers’ information being leaked out and other various computer crimes all over theRead More Computer Crime Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practiceRead MoreComputer Crime And Inadequacy Of Computer Laws1769 Words   |  8 PagesComputer Crime and Inadequacy of Computer Laws Introduction On 9 February 2015, Moscow-based security firm, Kaspersky Lab, released a report indicating that a group of international hackers stole an amount summing up to 1 billion from 100 banks. These attacks were carried out in 30 different nations by installing malware, which enabled them to gain control of the banks’ internal operations. Although such hacks have been attempted before, the scale and sophistication of the attacks, which spanned

Analyzing Identity in Racist Language Essay - 884 Words

Throughout the semester I have learned to analysis the dialogue of the texts we read and came to find out the characters voices derive the tone of the authors argument. Better yet, I learned how to read between the lines. Based on the series of texts I have read in GEW 101, I come to depict the significance of language to ones identity is that racism is not acceptable, by comparing texts, authors and scholarly sources. Some of the texts and authors include: Martin L. King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail; Urban Neanderthals; Black Ball; Gran Torino and a Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. I believe that the connection between all these texts brought about a social change in the community by the language of the authors. The leader of†¦show more content†¦Blacks and Whites should not receive better equality than one another. King exclaims in his letter to the clergymen, â€Å"Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its boun ds.† The language that King proposes gives the community such enduring positive social change. His audience believes his identity can change the nonviolence towards Blacks in the Civil Rights Movement. King wanted American at its best, and was willing to do anything in that power to achieve it. For example during the month of December in 1955, after the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Rosa Parks refused to obey the mandatory guidelines for segregation on the buses. Shortly after a bus boycott was created and Martin L. King Jr. was elected president of the newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association. I believe Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail gave him an identity in the world for people who wanted to make a difference. The bus boycott did just that, the busses we desegregated a year later. King was used as an image everybody looked up too, to change the idea that only whites were aloud in certain restaurants or restr ooms. â€Å"Daddy, why do whites people treat colored people so mean?† (Aaron pg. 442). The tone of the quote is sad, representing a child asking his father why white people treat blacks so unjust and unfair. How would you try to change racism if your son askedShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Sula Broken Minds : A Psychological Perspective1286 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpret the causation behind each character’s psychological mind, the reader must employ an African American critical theoretical method when analyzing the literature. African American critical theory requires both the knowledge of Black Psychology and Gender Psychology which also involves general knowledge regarding African American history. Analyzing an African American themed novel can sometimes be difficult for those whom are not of African decent and have not experienced diversity or prejudiceRead MoreRace Relations Light Years From Earth913 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the typical â€Å"white messiah † formula occasionally, according to Mitu Sengupta in her article, â€Å"Race Relations Light Years From Earth,† one can conclude that the entertainment industry is still perpetuating racial inequalities and racism. By analyzing â€Å"Avatar† and the concept of the â€Å"white messiah†, one can argue racism still exists in the American society and whites feel guilty about the racial inequalities. Even though they have this guilt, whites will not change if it means that they must giveRead MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 Pagesto become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as much of the dominant society s culture as possible, particularly its language, mannerisms, and goals for success, and thus give up much of its own culture. Assimilations stands in contrast to racial cultural pluralism the maintenance and persistence of one s culture, language, mannerisms, practices, art, and so on. be able to measure the existence and extent of racial discrimination of a particular kind in a particularRead MoreEssay about Personality Development of Joseph Paul Franklin1689 Words   |  7 Pageshappened to Franklin and how that helped him develop his identity. These are two very different tests but they serve different and equally important purposes, as does the Five Factor Model trait analysis. This analytic tool is decidedly short on weaknesses because of its history of development and the trait analyses tools that have come before it from which it could be honed. McCrae and John argue that â€Å"Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnairesRead MoreTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagesinternalizing these myths through the analysis of the Black Lives Matter movement and the critiques surrounding media outlets and their coverage of Black bodies. Roland Barthes’s Notion of Myth tells us that mythology is a larger part of cultural language with the inclusion of images . He speculates that myth naturalizes and legitimizes social constructs and is an empty signifier until appropriated by a dominant ideology. I am suggesting that Africa, in the eyes of global news network and media conglomeratesRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Understanding, Culture, And Perspectives1470 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"black† people residing in America and I can’t necessarily say that they are from Africa, but I do know from experience that African descendants are highly offended when they are compared to African Americans. Black culture can be seen in religion, language, family structure, food, music, dance, art, and so much more. The African culture originated from Africa and was forced to move to America and become slaves at that point Africans were disbursed all over the U.S. until roughly the 13 or 14 centuryRead More A Multicultural Education956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe four phases of multicultural education: incorporating ethnic studies into school curricula, total school reform for educational equality, inclusion of other minority groups by incorporating their history and culture into the curriculum, and analyzing the differences of race, class and gender. In order to move forward with the implementation of multicultural education, educators most be made more aware of integrating content, building a diverse knowledge base which is delivered equitably in theRead MoreFear Of The Latino Invasion Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pageshas many people feeling that their country, rights, property, and security—the basic components of the American Identity— are being threatened because of a perception that Latinos are not ‘Americanizing’. I argue that not only are these fears that Latinos are endangering American Culture are in fact illegitimate, but also that the idea of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œAssimilation’ or ‘Americanizing’ promotes the racist hegemony of the Anglo-Conformity Model that contends that any immigrant who does not meet both the criteria ofRead MoreDiscourse Analysis Mini Research4784 Words   |  20 PagesStudy Language has a social function as a tool to make connection between human beings. Without language, it seems impossible for people to interact with others in their daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In case of communication, some public figures might influence language use in socio culture. The figure public not only as the entertainer for society but also as a trendsetter of any aspects such as the fashion style, hobby, and the language style.Read MoreDeculturalization Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesculture is the basis of ethnocentrism. People have repeatedly become victims of deculturalization, especially in the United States, and by analyzing this ethnocentrism one learns the importance of sustaining different cultures in society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many methods of deculturalization, such as segregation, isolation, and forced change of language. When the content of curriculum reflects culture of dominant group, it is deculturalization. Also, dominated groups are not allowed

Reflection and Reflective Practice †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reflection and Reflective Practice. Answer: Introduction A male patient, 80 years of age presented to his general practitioner with a persistent cough. The practitioner suspected symptoms of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or early congestive cardiac failure (CCF). The chest X-ray of the patient was done and it has shown a COPD, right-sided consolidation and pneumonia on the right side of the lung. The Computed tomography scan of the chest was done to ascertain how much consolidation is there, exacerbation of COPD and small lesions in lungs. Adequacy- according to PIER mnemonic the adequacy of film can be asses:- Position- Typically, PA and lateral view. Inspiration- good inspiratory effect with 10 to 12 ribs. Exposure the exposure is adequate to demonstrate both soft and bony tissues.The thoracic spine can be through the heart show, indicating that penetration is sufficient.The only artifact present is from the L marker, which is overlying the distal end of the right clavicle; this could potentially be obstructing bony lesion located behind it. Rotation- there is some degree of rotation. The PA view of the chest shows the medial end of the clavicle is not equidistant to the thoracic spinous processes. On the lateral view, ribs are not superimposed. These positional errors do not make images un-diagnostic. Bones and soft tissues bony structure appears normal on PA chest. There is some osteophyte lipping seen on the anterior aspects of the vertebrate of a thoracic spine. Thoracic discs appeared narrowed (Jones, 2011) Diaphagram The right diaphragm is raised, with large gas bubble (bowel and or stomach) seen inferiorly to it. The left costophrenic and cardiophrenic angles appear sharp Effusion- The right costrophrenic angle is slightly blunted suggesting small pleural effusion. There is small right basal effusion. Hilum The cardiothoracic ratio is towards the upper limit. The hilum appears normal. There are two masses located within the right lung, the larger mass is shown in mid to upper zone abutting the right hilum, and the second, smaller mass, which is round in shape, is shown in the middle zone of the lung. The trachea is deviated to the right due to the presence of the mid-upper zone mass lesion. The right hilum is difficult to assess due to the presence of the right-sided mass Clinical History The patient was experiencing persistent cough. The chest X-ray of the patient was performed The chest X-Ray reports have shown that patient is suffering from COPD. A routine chest series was performed, which included both Postero-anterior views and left lateral view. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema causes shortness of breath due to abnormal enlargement of terminal bronchioles that block air flow. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of bronchioles. Patient suffering from COPD have blunted costophrenic angles which are caused due to pleural effusions. COPD results in flattering of diaphragm and narrowing of tracheal tubes. Chest X-ray of COPD Patient demonstrates abnormal images only in 16 % of cases which is limited mainly to signs of pulmonary congestion or inflammatory infiltrate. Due to these reasons chest, X-Ray is not recommended on daily routines other than cases of massive pleural effusions, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and suspected pneumonia. The ben efits of chest X-ray are no radiation remains in the patient body which decreases the chances of cancer, they have no side effect in the diagnosis, it is inexpensive and widely available in nursing homes, physician offices and other locations which makes it convenient for both physician and patient. Limitations of Chest X-Ray are normal chest X-Ray does not find out pulmonary problems. In some cases, airway interstitial and pulmonary vascular disease cannot be detected by X-Ray (Luppi, Begh Roversi, 2012) There is large left bronchitis. ar and anteromedial left upper lobe soft tissue mass which is approximately 11 cm in length and around 6 cm transverse diameter and 6 cm AP diameter. There is second rounded mass measuring 4 cm diameter in left mid zone. There are small right pleural effusion and mild elevation of right hemidiaphragm. There is small nodules or rolled atelectasis in the right lower lobe. The right lung seems normal and there is no right pleural fluid. No pleural calcifications or plaques is noticed. The cardiac size is normal. The superior mediastinum and trachea are shifted to the right of midline. There is no obvious tracheal narrowing. No obvious ribs destruction is seen. No thoracic crush fractures are seen. Chest X-Ray has shown that there is hilar and pulmonary masses. There is small pleural effusion. These findings may indicate a sign of malignancies. Additional CT chest/Abdo/pelvis is done to further evaluate these masses within the chest and to determine whether one of these masses are metastatic or primary or if both are metastatic tumors. A CT scan of chest/Abdo/pelvis with intravenous contrast was performed which has shown that larger superior lesion is a primary malignancy. The patient has large retroperitoneal nodes in the right upper abdomen. After CT scan results, biopsy of patient lung lesions has been done to determine the grade of masses in the left lung. The biopsy samples of large, para-hilar regions have shown small- cell lung carcinoma. The patient was referred to an oncologist and his chemotherapy was started. After completing three courses of chemotherapy the CT scan was again performed. The CT scan has shown that the growth of lung masses has not stopped. Chest X-Ray or chest film is a chest radiograph used to diagnose diseases affecting the chest and its nearby structures. They are most commonly used the radiological procedure. Chest X-Ray is the most common film used in medicine for diagnosis. They are difficult to interpret. The benefits of chest X-ray are no radiation remains in the patient body which decreases the chances of cancer, they have no side effect in the diagnosis, it is inexpensive and widely available in nursing homes, physician offices and other locations which makes it convenient for both physician and patient. Chest X-ray of COPD Patient demonstrates abnormal images only in 16 % of cases which is limited mainly to signs of pulmonary congestion or inflammatory infiltrate (Weiss, 1995). In this case, the patient is 80 years old having a persistent cough. The practitioner suspected symptoms similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a chest X-Ray was done. Chest X-ray has shown that there is small pleural effusion, left bronchitis, left hilar and pulmonary masses, costrophrenic angles are blunted and there is a zone of consolidation in lower ribs. Left hilar and pulmonary masses may indicate the sign of primary and metastatic malignancies. CT scan of lungs is performed to check the lesions in lungs. CT scan helps to diagnose the cause of shortness of breath, unexplained cough, chest pain, lesions, and small nodules in lungs. CT scanning is fast, noninvasive and painless. It is a standard for demonstrating pulmonary adenopathy. CT scan is very useful in detecting small lesions and area close to the diaphragm. CT scan identified larger superior lesion is a primary malignancy. A biopsy is performed after detecting lung lesions. The biopsy samples of large, par a-hilar regions have shown that patient is having lung carcinoma (Brenner, 2012). Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a type of cancer in which malignant cells form in the tissue of the lung. Small cell lung carcinoma is a type of lung cancer in which cancer cells get deposited in tissues of lung.it is also called oat cell cancer. Sign and symptoms may result from paraneoplastic phenomena, compression of thoracic structures and distant metastases. The common symptoms of small-cell lung carcinoma are dyspnea, shortness of breath and persistent or worsening of a cough.The symptoms of SCLC involves compression of the oesophagus that leads to dysphagia, laryngeal nerves compression results in hoarseness, head, and neck superficial nerves get distended and superior vena cava compression results in facial edema. Th brain metastases or bone metastases may result in neurological defects or pain or personality change. The physical examination of SCLC patient may identify pneumonia, signs of chronic obstructive disease, supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, lobar collapse and pleural effusion. ("Small cell lung cancer", 1987). According to Australian government statistics 2013, lung can cer is 5th most commonly diagnosed cancer .in 2014 it was the leading cause of death due to cancer. In 2014 there were approximately 8,200 death from lung and which may increase to 9,000 in 2017 ("Lung cancer statistics | Lung cancer", 2017). The protocol which is followed to determine cancer includes physical examination, history, and routine laboratory tests. Conventional radiography uses X-Ray to visualize internal body parts .it evaluates abdomen, chest, spine, and abdomen. The X-ray consists produced electromagnetic radiation by passing high voltage in terminals of the vacuum tube. The energy of X-ray can be modulated by changing the voltage and current. The shadows after X-ray can be detected by using fluoroscopic systems or combinations of photographic films. The common technique used to visualize X-rays is to expose a single image on fluorescent screens which converts it into visible light. Density, the thickness of different tissues produce different levels of X-Ray attenua tion. Lungs full of air appear black in color, calcified tissues such as bone appear white in color and soft tissues are of intermediate characteristics. In conventional radiography, four densities which can be soft tissue, air, calcified tissue, and fat can be determined. In case of normal chest, X-Ray mediastinal surface and heart appear clear with respect to black lungs (Medina Blackmore, 2007). However, in case of consolidation more light is absorbed by lungs in chest X-Ray results in loss of outlines of the adjacent structure. There are various contrast agents used when natural contrast is not present in X-Ray. It is divided into positive contrast and negative contrast. Positive contrast is of high radiodensity such as barium and iodine while negative contrast is of low density such as air and carbon dioxide. To demonstrate structural abnormalities or derive functional information positive contrast is used. The positive contrast agents are water soluble which can form soluble compounds with lower toxicity. These agents can be either ionizing or nonionizing. In negative contrast, it is used as a double contrast to image colon, stomach, and colon (Dodd, 2007). The various radiographic techniques are patient positioning. Inpatient positioning radiographs are taken using standard projections. Conventionally standard projections define according to the directions of X-Ray beams. The final projections are those that line in sagittal axis with the X-Ray beam. The lateral view is taken parallel to the coronal axis. In case of posterior-anterior view chest radiograph is taken against anterior chest while in anterior-posterior vie the X-Ray is taken against the posterior chest. A radiograph is a two-dimensional image, a three-dimensional structural image is recommended in minimum two planes for small lesions. The respiration phase is important in chest radiography, conventional inspiration shows lung field well as compare to expiratory view it shows pneumothorax. Various techniques can be used to improve the quality of chest radiography. A grid is used to improve image quality by filtering the obliquely scattered radiation. Restriction of the X-Ra y beam to the area of interest helps to improve image quality and helps to reduce the dose of X-Rays. Computed tomography is highly efficient and prevents overexposure. It produces a higher proportion of diagnostic radiographs thus minimising radiation dose. Radiation dosage affects the person health (Chawla, 2015). X-Ray causes ionization of tissues which harmfully affect physiochemical properties of tissues. These effects are directly related to exposure. Approximately 87% of exposure to radiation is naturally while remaining is due to X-Rays. The radiation dose of X-Ray is varied from country to country. To minimize exposure to radiation, radiation to medical personnel and patient must be minimised. The radiation must keep reasonably low. Special considerations must be taken while performing X-Ray of abdomen and pelvis of women especially childbearing age women. The fetus is more susceptible to X-Ray radiation which may cause mutations (Hollingworth Jarvik, 2007). The diagnosis must be made based on evidence-based radiology. Evidence-based radiology is defined as a decision that must be based on the integration of clinical information from most appropriate image test available on the basis of patients expectations, physicians experience, and best available evidence.Evidence-based radiology is based on five principles formulation of the question, efficient literature search, critical analysis of literature, application of search results and evaluation with respect to patients value and physician experience and evaluates the results available from the best diagnostic image. In diagnostic imaging, evidence-based radiology has received more attention(Hollingworth Jarvik, 2007). The principles of evidence-based radiology help to promote proper use of resources, efficiently use of resources and benefits patients. Formulating a question in radiology is very important, it involves the majority of questions related to the superiority of diagnostic ima ging over another related to specific pathology. The well-structured questions consist of Define patient, group of patients and their problem, intervention which is to be evaluated such as in this case Chest X-Ray and CT scan of the chest, comparison of the test result with the standard if any and evaluation of final result. After formulating a questioning look for best possible evidence, as the enormous volume of literature and books are available Haynes proposed a model of pyramid evidence which has six levels. The hierarchy of six level Haynes model includes studies- synopsis of studies - syntheses -synopsis of syntheses - summaries - systems. According to this model, the literature which appears in higher levels is considered scientifically better than lower levels. After formulating a question and finding best literature next is critically evaluate the literature. In critical evaluation the comparison between standard reference and test being evaluated. The procedure which used commonly is to use standard reference test on all patient regardless of test results evaluation. The staistical analysis is the major problems experienced by most clinicians. It is important to consider the scope of test which must be according to the patient problem (Smith, 2008). Test avilability, its risks and cost must be considered . Once the major question for clinical evidence is found next is a clinical experience which is applied to patient values and prefrences. Before the results of test apply to patient, assessment of diagnostic test reproducibility must be done, assessment of available alternatives, calculation of the probability that patient has the disease before a diagnostic test or performing the test and consideration of pros and cons of diagnostic test was done or performed. The last step is an evaluation of the results. Evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of diagnostic test or imaging performed as the tests performed in local and specialized labs varies, there fore they need to be evaluated. The specific resources available for evidence-based radiology includes books, journal articles, websites, workshops and conferences (Lilford, 1997). Treatment options available for SCLC patients is based on stage, histology, general health, and comorbidities of the patient. The treatment for cancer may depend on the stage and general health. Surgery and chemotherapy are an available treatment for SCLC. Most commonly chemotherapy is used. Use of surgery for SCLC is rare. Radiotherapy can be used to treat StageI- Stage III of SCLC. Currently, there is no screening test available on routinely in Australia. Computed tomography is used to screen the patient suffering from lung cancer. Limited stage SCLC can be treated with concurrently using of chemotherapy and radiation therapy combination. In the advanced stage of lung cancer, palliative treatment is used to assess and manage pain, nausea and spreading of cancer. Prognosis of individual health will depend on their stage and type of cancer, age, and their general health. For patients who do not tolerate the combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, sequential therapy is give n to them (Srensen, 2009). The majority of patients treated with chemotherapy alone has higher locally relapse rate. In comparison, thoracic radiation therapy has very low local relapse rate. Combination of thoracic radiation therapy and chemotherapy has higher control on the overall disease. In patients with LD-SCLC thoracic radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy is considered to be standard treatment. After initial treatment, chest radiation helps to reduce chances of cancer relapsing in the chest. Chest radiation is given after chemotherapy has been completed especially in those patients which have large tumors. The thoracic radiation must be given to a patient who has lymph node involvement in cancer. (End, 2006). References Brenner, D. (2012). Radiation and Chest CT Scans. Chest, 142(3), 549-550. Chawla, H. (2015). Diagnostic Utility of Conventional Radiography in Head Injury. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. Dodd, J. (2007). Evidence-based Practice in Radiology: Steps 3 and 4Appraise and Apply Diagnostic Radiology Literature. Radiology, 242(2), 342-354. The end, A. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer Non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and carcinoids. European Surgery, 38(1), 45-53Evidence-Based Imaging: Optimizing Imaging in Patient Care. (2008). Radiology, 247(2), 344-345. Hollingworth, W., Jarvik, J. (2007). Technology Assessment in Radiology: Putting the Evidence in Evidence-based Radiology. Radiology, 244(1), 31-38. Jones, C. (2011). Interpreting chest X-rays. Radiography, 17(2), 175. Lilford, R. (1997). Evidence-based medicine, preference-based practice, and clinical decision analysis. Evidence-Based Healthcare, 1(2), 23-24. Lung cancer statistics | Lung cancer. (2017). Lung-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 27 September 2017, from https://lung-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics Medina, L., Blackmore, C. (2007). Evidence-based Radiology: Review and Dissemination. Radiology, 244(2), 331-336. Small cell lung cancer. (1987). Lung Cancer, 3(2), 103. Smith, T. (2008). Evidence-based medical imaging (EBMI). Radiography, 14(3), 233-237. Srensen, J. (2009). 36IN EUROPEAN TREATMENT GUIDELINES: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (SCLC). Lung Cancer, 64, S20 Weiss, W. (1995). Chest X-ray Screening for Lung Cancer. Chest, 108(6), 1770.

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Essay Example

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Paper I think theres just one kind of folks. Folks. (Lee 227). The existence of a superior and inferior stratification in societies are due to economic status, social status, and skin color between the white and black race as demonstrated in To Kill a Mockingbird (Symkowski). Today, this process of identification, while also functioning at the individual level, works itself out at the level of whole groups of people who judge themselves better or worse than other groups, not only in terms of economic property, but also on the basis of such characteristics as skin color, gender, education, sexuality, etc. That each society has such a categorical list is without doubt and Maycombs society was no different. There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb (131). Maycomb County was based on three main classes and a caste: the prestigious and rich of the post-depression era, pursued by the white workers which consisted primarily of farmers, who in turn were followed by what could only be described as white trash. The caste of Maycomb was the Negroes. Roughly translated, Jem tried to make Scout understand that theres four kinds of folks in the world. Theres the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, theres the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. The thing about it is, our kind of folks dont like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams dont like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks (226). The esteemed townsfolk were the Finches, Radleys, Dolphus Raymond, Miss Maudie Atkinson, Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, Miss Stephanie Crawford, and Miss Rachel Haverford because they lived on the main residential street in town (6). We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Atticus Finch was perhaps the most powerful character in the novel. a hero figure, a model to the community, as well as his two children, who will surely follow in his footsteps (Symkowski). He is sincere and very straightforward. if Atticus Finch drank until he was drunk he wouldnt be as hard as some mean are at their best (Lee 45). As Scout recalls, Miss Maudie Atkinson lived one door down from us (16) as she was a Maycomb County inhabitant, the daughter of a neighboring landowner. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Duboses house (was) two doors down to the north Radley place three doors to the south (6). Miss Stephanie Crawford was described as a neighborhood scold (7) and gossip, which became visible because she was just following her ancestors. No Crawford Minds His Business (131). Last but not least, the Finches next door neighbor was Miss Rachel Haverford. These were the people the town trusted, especially Atticus Finch, with the exception of Dolphus Raymond. It seemed as if Judge Taylor asked him to defend Tom Robinson because the town trusted him to and as Jem later points out in the novel Atticus pends his time doin things that wouldnt get done if nobody did em (116). Dolphus Raymond was the town scandal, always drinkin out of a sack (160). He lived a scandalous life, way down near the county line where he resided with a colored woman and all sorts of mixed chillun (161-62). It was the opinion of the townspeople that these children must be real sad because they belonged nowhere, being neither black nor white. Interestingly, while Lee offered no contradiction to the opinion that Mayella has sinned gravely by kissing a black man, Dolphus character is portrayed as far more sympathetic (Baecker). The white workers of Maycomb included the Cunninghams, the Littles, Mr. Aavery, Ms. Caroline, Mr. Deas, Mr. Gilmer, Sheriff Tate, and Mr. Underwood. The Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back and they were described as country folk farmers (Lee 20-21). The Littles were represented through Little Chuck Little, one of Scouts classmates who stood up to Burris Ewell in defense of Ms. Caroline. Mr. Aavery was a boarder at the house across from Mrs. Duboses. Mr. Deas was Tom and Helen Robinsons employer. The state attorney representing the Ewells was Mr. Gilmer. Maycombs sheriff who accompanied Atticus to kill the mad dog and who delivered the news about Bob Ewell was Sheriff Heck Tate. Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood was the owner, editor, and printer of The Maycomb Tribune. Although he openly disliked blacks, he defended Toms right to a fair trial (Symkowski). The white trash of Maycomb was the Ewells. The Ewells knew that they were the lowest of the low amongst the whites in Maycomb. They had no money, no education, and no breeding (Baecker). The single thing that elevated them at any level in the community was the fact that they were white. All the little man on the witness stand had that made him any better than his nearest neighbors was, that if scrubbed with lye soap in very hot water, his skin was white (Lee 171). Like most people in similar situations, Bob and Mayella wanted to better their station in life (Symkowski). However, Bob was unwilling to put forth the effort necessary to change his familys lot and Mayella did not have the resources to change her own life. The Ewells lived behind the town garbage dump in what was once a Negro cabin (Lee 170). Bob Ewell drank up all the welfare money and was allowed to hunt out of season so his children did not go hungry. Mr. Ewells incestuous relationship with Mayella, the driving force behind her desire to make loving contact with someone else, even if that person is a black man, is mentioned only in passing in the novel. The incestuous relationship of a white trash man with his white trash daughter is a part of the novel often glossed over by scholars who probably find it unremarkable anyway, as if to say, what else can be expected from people living so close to Negroes (Baecker). The caste of Maycomb included the Negroes of the town even though some were educated and morally and economically above the Ewells. The Negroes mentioned the most in the novel were Tom Robinson, Calphurnia, her son Zeebo, and Reverend Sykes. Calphurnia, the Finches housekeeper, grew up at Finchs Landing and moved with Atticus to Maycomb. She was the closest thing to a mother that Jem and Scout had. Calphurnia was also one of the few Negroes who could read and write. Zeebo was the town garbage collector and hes one of the four people who can read at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. Reverend Sykes was the pastor at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. This notion that education makes racism disappear is a common myth (Baecker). Racism was commonly ascribed to poor white trash as though those of the middle and upper classes (who possess more education) have nothing to do with it. The most prominent Negro figure in the novel was Tom Robinson. The trial of Tom Robinson is a significant part of the text, even if the trial itself occupies only fifteen percent of the novel (Symkowski). What may be more significant than the number of pages devoted to the actual trial may be the way in which Lee has constructed the novel so as to compress the issue of race into a tightly constrained portion of the book, bounded on either side by tales of unfairness and prejudice. The injustice that an all-white jury had invoked upon Tom Robinson and then his being shot seventeen times was the extent of the racism in the post-Depression era. The more sophisticated white people in Maycomb at least tried to pretend that their prejudices did not run so deep, but such was not the case with Bob Ewell. Tom only recognized Mayella as a person in need and he paid dreadfully. Todays equivalent of Tom Robinson is the welfare recipient (Baecker). Mention welfare recipient to most people and the image which will spring to their minds is that of the welfare queen: overweight, black, female, uneducated, slovenly, and surrounded by a passel of equally dirty, ignorant children. A society is made of its eloquent people and every person should be cared for equivalently.

Gettysburg2 essays

Gettysburg2 essays There is a lot to say about the Battle of Gettysburg. Many people wonder why this battle out of all others during the war was so great. Many questions were asked. Such as, what did they do for supplies? How did they live? What was the typical military strategy? I will also answer many other questions to in this essay. Its really hard to believe the things I saw during the movie. It just makes wonder how stupid the government was to even think about starting a Civil War. Millions and millions of men died in this war. For what? Honor? I certainly think they did not die honorably, but just went out there and got slaughtered. Although many people say that the Union and Confederate armies fought because of the importance of Gettysburg; the thing is that it was just a small town back then. Gettysburg was chosen because it was good ground. The Confederate army was passing through to go further north and invade the Union territory. The Union army was having the same idea about the south. Good ground was high terrain surrounded by trees. The role geography played in the war was that the army who was placed on the good ground would have a better position on the opposing forces. The officers and soldiers had different lifestyles during the war. The generals would be in cabins or log houses with plenty of supplies. The rest of the army had lived in tents with supplies, but not as much as the generals. So basically the higher your rank, the better you r living conditions were. Although living conditions were different, the strategy was similar. Many times the Union army had to play defensively. The development of trench warfare began. If supplies or ammo got too low, sometimes they would charge and attack the Southerners, like Colonel Chamberlain did when he was defending the line. The Confederate army under the command of General Lee would march all the way to the gate and try ...

A Piece On Wanting to Take Credit

A Piece On Wanting to Take Credit Publishing is hard. No doubt about it. But sometimes authors get so caught up in the publishing aspect of the profession that we forget the reader doesnt give a darn how the book was made, researched, written, published, or promoted. The point is for a reader to find a good story and feel that it is theirs. Theyve allowed this story into their life, committed hours and days to reading it, in hope that its memorable enough to improve their quality of existence. As a minimum, provide a wonderful experience to remember . . . hopefully a book to recommend to others. While this may sound weird to you, after infusing so much time and effort into the story, the end game is not to get credit for the book. Its to give the world a great story experience. â€Å"It is amazing what you can accomplish if you do not care who gets the credit.†Ã‚  ~Harry Truman For instance, books that Ill usually pass up, are  promoted  as: 1) free 2) cheap 3) self-published 4) five years in the making (or other number) 5) an authors greatest achievement 6) a great first book Books Ill give a second glance at, are promoted as: 1) a great story about 2) an award-winning story about 3) a poignant story about 4) recommended 5) a wonderful beach read, I want the author to care that I have a great time reading. I want the author to promise me a treat for investing my time. I want the author to make my life better. This is why we write. To fulfill a promise to the reader. To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded.   Ralph Waldo Emerson

Employee Negative Habits and Attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Negative Habits and Attitudes - Essay Example Unfortunately, bad workplace habits and negative employee attitudes create serious problems: poor workplace performance, workplace conflicts, and failure to achieve strategic organizational outcomes are just some of the numerous effects caused by bad workplace habits on organizations and their members. Bad habits make suffer both employees and employers. Workers may loose their job and the reputation of the company may suffer greatly. Bad workplace habits are numerous and varied. No one knows what exactly can fire the flame of conflict and disobedience within an organization. At times, employees can be extremely sophisticated in their negative habits and attitudes. Yet, in most instances, bad habits can be easily detected and addressed. Absenteeism and sick list abuse is, probably, one of the worst employee habits. Dozens of workers miss work intentionally, since they are unwilling to attend their workplace and are pretty satisfied with getting their sick list payments on time. Other s are convinced that spending half of the work day in a smoking room is absolutely normal and even necessary for their emotional stability. Such employees will not rush to deal with their obligations. Most probably, they perceive their work as some kind of entertainment and do not understand that the success of business and its profitability largely depends upon the contribution each and every worker makes on a daily basis. Other bad habits include gossiping and unnecessary sarcasm: some employees cannot be serious even when it is crucial for the organization’s survival. Employees may tend to withhold important information or will make excuses every time they fail to cope with their responsibilities. These are further supplemented by the negative attitudes, which employees hold about their work: it is no secret that not all employees like their job and these negative attitudes have far-reaching implications for strategic performance within organizations. Bad habits and negati ve attitudes of employees affect all aspects of organizational performance. Employees who miss work, fail to cope with their obligations, find excuses, and do not assume responsibility for their acts cannot be useful for the organization. Instead, they increase the burden of organizational problems and concerns. Moreover, their presence in organizations always comes at a cost: they receive salaries and benefits for doing nothing. It should be noted, that bad habits and negative attitudes work like an infection – they can infect other employees, who slowly learn a valuable lesson of laziness and non-productivity. As a result, one employee can negatively affect the whole organization and cause a chain reaction of bad attitudes toward work. Eventually, bad habits and negative attitudes of employees may threaten organizational safety. Gossiping may lead to information leakages. Withholding important information may disrupt the stability and operation of the organization’s security systems. Employees who do not share information with others will not let their colleagues and co-workers cope with their job tasks. Consequentially, other employees may fall victims to the bad habits and negative attitudes of their co-workers. What to do with employees and their bad habits depends upon the situation. No matter the seriousness of the problem, firing an inefficient employee should always be a measure of

Global Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Terrorism - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, because of the differences in national legislation among countries, it is difficult to formulate a sole definition that perfectly fits with the numerous interpretations and meanings of the term. Terrorism is a universal event. In other words, it involves different countries with varying national legislations, political ideologies, and which is emotionally charged. Therefore, the way terrorism is viewed differs from one country to another depending on the conditions present in each country. As a matter of fact, these differences in the national legislation, and political and emotional ideologies, made it unfeasible for the United Nations to come up with a universally accepted criminal law definition for terrorism that is comprehensive and legally binding (Diaz-Paniagua, 2008). Ultimately, the reason for this difficulty is due to its nature that is heavily knotted to politics and emotion. Perhaps, the ideal way of defining terrorism is to base it on the use of violence; however, violence itself is a wide-ranging term depending on which country the violence exists; hence, it is still difficult to come up with a sole definition for terrorism that is universally accepted. The fe deral agencies and the military define terrorism differently in order to describe the type of programs that a particular agency offers. For instance, FBI utilizes the terms such as â€Å"counterterrorism† and â€Å"anti-terrorism† to refer to its anti-terrorism combat (GAO, 1997), and it goes the same with the military. Anti-colonial terrorism campaigns are basically resistances against weeding out the pre-existing geopolitical heritage of a particular civilization. In other words, an anti-colonial terrorism campaign is entrenched in a sense of an inconsistency in the identity of the colonizer and the prospective colony. This is crucial in that most terroristic activities arise from

Electronic civil disobedience Essay Example for Free

Electronic civil disobedience Essay Civil disobedience has been a large part of societies and the past generations that have existed. With the further dawning of the information technology era, civil disobedience has taken another form—electronic civil disobedience (ECD). Though ECD takes a rather non-violent means in advancing the interests of certain groups and positing challenges to the status quo of several institutions, ECD has nevertheless remained a crucial force in shaping the image of mankind in general and will remain to be a contributing element in the coming years—and beyond. A look into electronic civil disobedience: comparisons and analyses In contrast to computer criminality, electronic civil disobedience is a means merely designed to â€Å"attack the institutions† whereas the former is more inclined to obtain profit from â€Å"actions that damage an individual†. This standing distinction contests the probable argument that there is no solid, or at least an ideal difference between the two and that both are the same means in putting down the strength of an institution or of an individual. However, while computer criminality is, by the name itself, a crime punishable by existing and applicable laws under the jurisdiction of certain states, resistance via electronic means—the most common of which is through cyberspace—is deemed to be a means to challenge the existing authority, for instance, in pushing forth necessary changes that are being sought after by individuals. This measure is, apparently, still within the borders of the law and are, hence, legal. Electronic civil disobedience (ECD) is oftentimes carried out in a manner that is not violent or, at the very least, in ways that do not involve direct physical contact (Electronic Civil Disobedience). Although there can be indirect physical consequences that can be attributed to the means and ends that are involved with ECD, a large bulk of the essence of ECD rests on its forefront—resistance through the maximum utility of the intangible resources available. These resources are largely comprised of electronic information and invisible systems in cyberspace that do not require physical contact among the individuals that seek to advance their interests in the face of another individual or an existing authority. Though by and large much of the past generations—and even a considerable number of the present generation of citizens—have been closely attached to the physical means of civil disobedience such as in the literal sense of â€Å"taking-up the streets†, a shift in the manifestation of civil disobedience is greatly felt in the electronic realm. Since information technology’s presence has increasingly grown over the past few decades and since its developments have been continuous and have been exponential in refinement, the impacts of electronic civil disobedience has also risen in levels proportional to the booming of the information technology industry. As recent developments in the field of cyberspace expand abruptly, so are the probable means in which ECD can make itself successful in achieving it’s goals or, at least, in making its presence and mission felt across territorial boundaries of states (Cleaver). Moreover, this growth in information technology (IT) has also started to break down the physical barriers as well as the invisible fences that hold back attempts at pushing forth civil resistance or disobedience. The physical institutions that seek to eradicate or lessen the probability of occurrence of these civil resistances have slowly diminished its grip on its capability to harness barriers and put up defensive mechanisms that strain the success of resistance from citizens. At the height of the development communication tools, effective communication has spread like wildfire from among various areas in the globe. Cellular phone technology has amassed for the people easier means to effectively transmit messages across wide distances, thereby instituting a smoother flow of information relay. Group organization and mobilization is held at a unifying pace that easily penetrates the state borders and geographical barriers. This leads us to the notion that the as the advent of electronic communication—the internet and cellular phone technology to name a few—the expected rise in the efficiency and effectiveness of group mobilization and organization in the face of electronic civil disobedience is within reach. However, the abuse of ECD as in the case of civil disobedience (CD) is always a possibility to the extent that legal measures have also to be taken by the proper authorities so as to dismantle probable grounds for violent and unlawful measures in furthering the interests of several groups. ECD, for the most part, can be a ploy utilized by extreme groups that do not only seek refuge in the non-violent methods encapsulated within the essence of ECD but also seek unlawful ends through violent actions that spring forth from the devices and advantages brought up by the electronic media. Terrorists, for example, can opt to start their large scale plans of wreaking havoc in a populated society by getting a good hold of the electronic resources available almost everywhere. The September bombings of the World Trade Center in New York has devastated a number of lives and even up to this day the damage done can still be felt not only by those who were directly affected but also by the millions of people who fear the havoc of terrorism, especially in contemporary times where ECD is not something new. It would be interesting to note on the delimiting strands that segregate those that are purely in the form of ECD and those that hid behind layers of terrorist ploys. For the most part, ECD remains today as a growing tool used as a means in contesting the status quo by oppositional forces. This brings us to the security issues posited by the ECD that confront the targeted institutions by modern-day activists. Although security measures have been reinforced throughout the years with the further advancement in technology, cyberspace remains an open territory for civil activism—and hackers. Though there may be inconclusive findings that seek to establish a connection or an alliance between hackers and ECD groups, there remains the possibility that an actual connivance may actually exist, only that the alliance is hidden beneath the rubrics of the intangible world of technology. It may be an extreme thought to dwell on such a possibility. Nevertheless one cannot entirely dismiss its factual occurrence. In the context of the general population that subscribes to the established groups that further ECD, certain identifying marks have to be made so as to pinpoint the possibility of having a hacker among the number of activists that attempt at penetrating the electronic defense mechanisms of institutions. However, the rapid growth of the electronic resources and its availability prove to be one hefty factor to surmount by the institutions. Activism is all the more fueled by this growth and, thus, the efforts of the institutions are to be doubled or thickened accordingly if ECD is to be diminished. Quite on the other hand, ECD may not be diminished at all, nor can it be totally dissolved especially when the generation we have of today is one that is teeming with the abundance of electronic wealth (Wehling). It must be further realized that such an (ever increasing) abundance in the electronic resources found in cyberspace provides a fertile starting point for extreme organizations that might utilize ECD as an initial step towards electronic violence and as a front for the extensive damage that can be instigated through system crashes and data hostages. The person adept at information technology and electronic systems will readily convey that the probable damage of system crashes as well as data hostages are devastating in the sense that they do not only shaken the virtual foundations of institutions but also destroy the intangible interior foundations that build the electronic core of the institutions. Reparations may be met, though, but the time to successfully recover or at least partially get back on track is yet another factor that must be considered. Hence, security measures are as equally significant as the protection of the interests of these institutions, if not even far more important. Conclusion The impacts of ECD have been felt in many ways. As the growth in cyberspace continues to expand and exceed the standards set forth by previous generations in their attempt to resist the institutional forces and further the specific aims for taking up civil disobedience, ECD continues to be a driving force in directing the path of the electronic world. The presence of ECD in contemporary times will eventually stretch through time for as long as there remains a continued expansion in the domain of cyberspace and for as long as the interests of people are not met and properly addressed.

Essay --

The importance of investing in astronomy and space research It is a widespread opinion that space research and astronomy are trivial issues, often regarded as useless, and that the money invested in them would be better used elsewhere. In the U.S alone —the country with the largest space program, conducted by the famous agency know as NASA—, the percentage of citizens who believe that the space program should be cancelled increased from 4% to 8% between 1998 and 2009 (acoording to a Gallup poll from 2009 carried by the NBC)[1]. Another study conducted by the CNN and the ORC in 2010 showed that 50% of the Americans felt that the money destined to the space shuttle program —which had concluded the year before— would have been better spent somewhere else [2]. The main goal of this essay is to prove those missconceptions wrong through arguments and evidence. The most widespread thesis against space research is that the large amounts of money it costs would be better spent in other fields such as improving social policies like healthcare and education, providing help to the impoverished, and helping restructure the damaged economy in this times of world economical crysis. However, once one looks at the figures with some detail, this idea falls by its own weight. Actually, the investment in space research programs has a dramatic possitive impact on the economy of any country. As Richard Garriott de Cayeux, former astronaut, says in his article in the Huffington Post Investing in Our Future: Does Investing in Space Exploration Help or Hinder Progress Towards Prosperity?, â€Å"Investments that reduce the costs of basic survival needs, or expand access to the tools that allow people to help themselves, is universally a good investment.† [3] Wh... ...a trivial matter which does not desire, that missconception has been proven wrong throughout this essay. It not only has provided us with countless technologies and solutions that make our life easier and better, but also enhaces our knowledge about the universe and aims to give answer to some of the big questions in the history of mankind. Human being has become the dominant species thanks to its superior intelligence and its thirst to push himself towards new limits, explore new boundaries and obtain superior knowledge that makes for his weaknesses compared to other spscies. If we wank to keep moving on, if we want to keep our overpopulated planet sound and its popullation fed, pushing the boundaries stronger than ever is now a must. And refusing to invest in scientific research and education is definetly an step backwards in this path that we, as a society, share.

“An American Indian Wilderness” by Louis Owens Essay

In Louis Owens’ essay â€Å"An American Indian Wilderness† the author projects a self-reflective and, in the end, pessimistic persona. As a young man Owens works as a park ranger in the American Wilderness of Washington State. He has the task of burning down an old log shelter in the wilderness, to return the surrounding area back to its natural state. After completing his task, he meets two elderly Indian women, who tell him that their father had built the shelter in the previous century. He suddenly feels ashamed about what he had just done; however, the two women forgive him and he starts to understand the Indian philosophy in regards to â€Å"Mother Nature† and his own detachment with it. In the first half of the story, Owen recalls that he â€Å"felt good and smug† about the job he had just completed, because he was â€Å"returning the wilderness to its original state.† He writes that it was a task he â€Å"heartily approved of.† His feelings change after he meets the two elderly Indian women, as he learns that their father had also been a park ranger, as well as a descendant from the original Indian inhabitants of the â€Å"Indian country† he is working in. The two women seem â€Å"ancient† to him, probably wise as well and one with nature. They still know about the relationship that humans used to have with nature, before the Europeans â€Å"introduced the wilderness† to America. As Owens’ tone turns darker, he realizes that he too â€Å"had succumbed to a 500 year old pattern of deadly thinking that separates us [humans] from the natural world.† He realizes that the term â€Å"wilderness† is an â€Å"absurdity† and that there really had been no â€Å"wilderness† before the Europeans came to the land. The upbeat tone from the beginning of the text turns into a self-reflective analysis, which ultimately turns into pessimism about the future of the human civilization. As the mood of the story turns, the white  snow turns into a â€Å"drumming rain†; he mentions that he understands â€Å"painfully† what the Indian inhabitants always knew – that we as humans are part of nature, but that we are not living that way anymore. Owens’ persona becomes most pessimistic at the end of the text, when he writes, â€Å"Unless all human beings can learn to imagine themselves intimately and inextricably related to ever aspect of the world they inhabit, the earth will simply not survive.† He seems disillusioned about the chance we humans have, if we keep fencing in â€Å"Mother Nature† and turn her into a recreational aspect of our lives, rather than being part of the whole, as the original Indians used to be. We as humans should take this very seriously and stop ourselves from expanding our â€Å"American Wilderness† farther and farther, pushing nature more and more away from us. Owens’ as the ‘Lone Ranger’ understands the intricate balance between us and nature and that at some point â€Å"The Great Mother† will either fight back or die forever.

Johnson Pte Ltd. Case Study

According to the case study, en Azmi that been charge to make a research and turnaround strategy for Johnson Pte Ltd. En Azmi has implement 3 strategy. First is under production and services. The industry of food and beverages are competing between Johnson, Unilever and Nestle. For Unilever and Nestle always take turn to win. This giving an impact to Johson Pte Ltd competes in the industry itself. The strategy that been implemented by En. Azmi is by consistently research and investigated opportunities in new markets. With this research, it can help the company to explore the market of food and beverages.Researcher also can produce new product or new flavor according to the survey that been conducted through loyal customer. Second under Management Information System, Johnson Pte Ltd has problem in manage the proper accounting system in the company. So in order to fix that, en Azmi has taken initiative by improves the current accounting system at retailing division. With this improveme nt of accounting system, it can help giving better inventory and efficiency cash management in the division. Third is under Human Resources Management, En Azmi has implement 2 strategy. First is by undertaking cost reduction programed.Under this program, senior management of Johnson Pte Ltd pay or salary needs to cut down by between 5% – 30%. This can help to reduce the expenses that are too high. In order to reduce manpower costs, En Azmi also doing replacement of employees. Once Chairman receive the sweeping power, the unproductive management staff was been trimmed. This allows all the expatriates to leave. All the expatriates then been replaced with local expertise. This help to reduce the manpower cost and unnecessary compliance cost also speed up decision making within group.

3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers

3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers 3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers 3 Types of Errors in Treatment of Numbers By Mark Nichol When expressing numbers in writing, take care to avoid erroneous styling of number ranges, mixed fractions, and multiple references to categorically similar numbers. The following examples, each of which is followed by a discussion and a revision, exemplify these three categories of style issues. 1. He said there are between 10-15 billion such devices online. Three ways to express a number range are â€Å"from (first number) to (second number),† â€Å"between (first number) and (second number), and â€Å"(first number)–(second number).† The third choice features an en dash, though some publications, for the sake of simplicity, use a hyphen, and many writers do so because they are unaware of the distinction. More significantly, that option is appropriate only for numerals, while the first and second choices apply to both numerals and spelled-out numbers. However, do not mix from or between with an en dash (or a hyphen) when expressing a number range; to correctly format the given sentence, choose from among the following treatments: â€Å"He said there are from 10 to 15 billion such devices online,† â€Å"He said there are between 10 and 15 billion such devices online,† and â€Å"He said there are 10–15 billion such devices online.† 2. The pitchers combined for 32/3 shutout innings. When, in a mixed fraction, the fraction is set as a case fraction (with small upper and lower numbers separated by a narrow horizontal line), the letter space is unnecessary, but for clarity, it is essential when the fraction is expressed vertically, as here: â€Å"The pitchers combined for 3 2/3 shutout innings.† 3. The process should be documented over a six- to 24-month period. The Associated Press Style Book recommends spelling out numbers up to nine and (with some exceptions) using numerals for larger numbers, even when two or more numbers in each category appear in proximity in a reference to related amounts or values. However, Chicago puts the breaking point at more than one hundred, so in this example, both numbers would be spelled out: â€Å"The process should be documented over a six- to twenty-four-month period.† (But if the numbers are unrelated, as in the following sentence, there is no need for consistency: â€Å"Even as recently as 200 years ago, a fifty-mile journey was a major undertaking.†) (Both style manuals are helpful to writers, but I favor Chicago as a more comprehensive resource that encourages a more sophisticated approach to writing than the AP Style Book, which models a simple, more functional prose style.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past""To Tide You Over"

Definitions and Examples of Anthypophora in Rhetoric

Definitions and Examples of Anthypophora in Rhetoric Definition Anthypophora is a  rhetorical term for the practice of asking oneself a question and then immediately answering it. Also called (or at least closely related to) the  figure of response (Puttenham) and  hypophora. The relationship between anthypophora and hypophora is confusing, says Gregory Howard. Hypophora is seen as the statement or question. Anthypophora as the immediate reply (Dictionary Of Rhetorical Terms, 2010). In Dictionary of Poetic Terms (2003), Jack Myers and Don Charles Wukasch define anthypophora as a figure of argumentation in which the speaker acts as his own foil by arguing with himself. In Garners Modern American Usage (2009), Bryan A. Garner defines anthypophora as a rhetorical tactic of refuting an objection with a contrary inference or allegation. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: ErotesisFigurative LanguageRhetoricRhetorical QuestionTwelve Types of Questions in Casablanca EtymologyFrom the Greek, against allegation Examples and Observations What makes a king out of a slave? Courage! What makes the flag on the mast to wave? Courage! What makes the elephant charge his tusk in the misty mist, or the dusky dusk? What makes the muskrat guard his musk? Courage!(The Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz, 1939)Is our species crazy?Plenty of evidence.(Saul Bellow, Mr. Sammlers Planet. Viking Press, 1970)In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, five hundred years of democracy and peace, and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock.(Orson Welles as Harry Lime in The Third Man, 1949) Sir Winston Churchills Use of AnthypophoraYou ask, what is our policy? I will say it is to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalog of human crime. That is our policy.You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror; victory, however long and hard the r oad may be, for without victory, there is no survival.(Winston Churchill, address to Parliament, May 13, 1940) President Barack Obamas Use of AnthypophoraThis is our first task, caring for our children. It’s our first job. If we don’t get that right, we don’t get anything right. That’s how, as a society, we will be judged.And by that measure, can we truly say, as a nation, that we’re meeting our obligations?Can we honestly say that we’re doing enough to keep our children, all of them, safe from harm?Can we claim, as a nation, that we’re all together there, letting them know they are loved and teaching them to love in return?Can we say that we’re truly doing enough to give all the children of this country the chance they deserve to live out their lives in happiness and with purpose?I’ve been reflecting on this the last few days, and if we’re honest with ourselves, the answer’s no. We’re not doing enough. And we will have to change.(U.S. President Barack Obama, speech at a memorial service in Newtown, Connectic ut, on December 16, 2012, two days after the massacre of 26 children and adults in an elementary school) Governor Andrew Cuomos Use of AnthypophoraDuring his two years in office, [New York Governor Andrew] Cuomo has developed a habit of answering reporters queries by asking his own questions. He sometimes engages in a lengthy back-and-forth, asking four or five questions and replying in a single response.For instance, at a news conference in October, Mr. Cuomo was asked about the plight of financially strapped upstate cities. The Democratic governor reframed the question to show how he had set a budgetary example that others could follow.The days of wine and roses are over? No, Mr. Cuomo said about upstate cities before a segue into his own accomplishments. Can you close a $10 billion deficit? Yes. Does the place operate? I think better than before. Did the walls crumble? No. Was it hard? Yes. Was it unsettling? Yes. But did we do it? Yes. I think you can bring costs in line with revenue.It was an expansive example of Mr. Cuomos frequent Socratic soliloquies, which he has employed to m ake points on issues ranging from overhauling Medicaid to changing how teacher performance is judged to passing new gun-control laws. Sometimes they take the form of question-and-answer sessions, while other times Mr. Cuomo holds a mock debate, taking both sides of an issue.It is a classic rhetorical tactic known as anthypophora, a device found in Shakespeare, the Bible and the speeches of former presidents, linguistic scholars say. . . .Philip Dalton, an assistant political communications professor at Hofstra University, called Mr. Cuomos approach smart rhetorically. Sometimes questions are posed to you with built-in assumptions that you dont want to affirm by answering them, Prof. Dalton said. You can bypass the whole question by asking the question yourself, and it allows you to frame the answer in way thats advantageous to yourself.(Laura Nahmias, Got Questions for Cuomo? So Does He. The Wall Street Journal, February 18, 2013) Falstaffs Use of AnthypophoraWhat is honor? A word. What is in that word honor? What is that honor? Air. A trim reckoning! Who hath it? He that died o’ Wednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. ‘Tis insensible, then? Yea, to the dead. But will it not live with the living? No. Why? Detraction will not suffer it. Therefore, I’ll none of it. Honor is a mere scutcheon. And so ends my catechism.(Falstaff in Act V, scene 1 of Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare) Guillaume Budà © in Defense of AnthypophoraAnother most unfair attack I had almost forgotten to mention: in quoting the words of my letter, you make out that I put you say in the present tense instead of you will say, as though I had actually invented words from some earlier letter of yours. This is what you complain of, although in fact I was using the figure anthypophora, maintaining not that you did but that you might have said so; for everywhere in my draft it has the future tense you will s ay. So you have begun to attack me not merely with rhetorical subtleties, as your custom was, but with fabrications.(Letter from Guillaume Budà © to Desiderius Erasmus, 1519. Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 842-992, 1518-1519. University of Toronto Press, 1982) The Lighter Side of AnthypophoraDo I get annoyed when people ask themselves their own questions and answer them (rendering the interviewer irrelevant)? Yes I do. Should we allow this virus in the paper? No we shouldnt.(Kevin Mitchell, quoted by David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon in Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010) Pronunciation: ant-hi-POF-era or an-thi-PO-for-a

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Integrated assessment on case study for Choc Deluxe - Assignment Example Management decisions in times of business crisis are very crucial for the success of the firm and continuity through the crisis. Choc-Deluxe is facing a shortage of its main raw material, chocolate. Unfortunately for the company, its chocolate forms its competitive advantage in the market since customers are willing to pay more for the chocolate. This implies that the firm had to devise ways to overcome the pending problem. The management decided to sort the pending orders through a substitute product carob. The product is believed to have similar taste to cacao and thus could be used to make chocolate bars for the Christmas season. The plan backfired as the customers lodge complaints and legal suits about the low quality chocolate. Consequently, the firm did not disclose accurate information about the contents of its chocolate as required by law. The situation in the cocoa market is that there is more demand for raw cocoa than supply. The situation is that more cocoa is being consumed that it is actually grown. This had led to decline in the supplies of cocoa. According to the laws of demand and supply, prices shoot up when demand exceeds supply (Arnold 2010, p.87). Increased demand in fast developing countries such as India, China and Brazil among other markets, leave cocoa dependent firms in a dilemma on substitute raw material (Müller 2011, p.8). Cocoa plants take around 5 years to mature. This implies that there is an urgent need to address the prevailing problem otherwise firms would go bankrupt before new plants mature. This is due to the high cost of obtaining pure cocoa and more firms willing to pay more for the product. Shortage of cocoa can be attributed to increased globalization that leads to the emergence of many firms that use cocoa as raw material (Dand 2011 p.79-87). The commodity became very valuable and

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Role Of English As A Foreign Language Education Essay Algeria is an African multilingual country with one official language called Modern Standard Arabic and more than two foreign languages French, English, Spanish, etc. It is a country whose contributions and all interests are now in how to improve foreign languages for specific purposes particularly English so as to prove its position as a powerful and important country across the world. Today, the role of English as a foreign language (henceforth EFL) in the world is influenced by many factors such as business, cultural, political and educational factors. The latter is the main factor which plays, now, strongly a major role to pull a lot of attention in the decision of the Algerian educational authorities to know how to deal with the positive qualities EFL has in undertaking methods and approaches as parts of reforms in order to improve English teaching and learning as it is in developed countries. Hence, the questions to be raised, here, are how to deal with the qualities EFL has with non-native speakers and what significant scientific contribution EFL gives to non-mother country (Algeria)? And what are the suggested approaches and methods the Algerian educational authorities make to improve and work with this language? Answering to the questions above, the Algerian educational leaders started to improve and hold tightly EFL by shifting from traditional methods to modern to say to the world that we are able, as a multilingual developing country, to make EFL as a second Language major and significant in our schools and university and then be present everywhere across the globe. This challenge remind us about some debate on teaching EFL in developing countries as an insignificant contribution, by African designers, to knowledge and production(Graddol 2006, Batibo 2007) and Phillipson (1996) who had observed, after the independence of some developing countries , that those who were first responsible for making English official, major, developed and significant are African leaders; For example, the case of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Algerian schools after independence. ELT in Algeria was denied and insignificant before the independence in comparison with French. Because the French language was taught in schools as SL (second language) due to the consequences of the French occupation in Algeria that was the longest period of colonization which took a long time from 1830 till 1962. Thus French became as an official language in the Algerian institutions. Andrew Freeman (1961:1) confirms what we are saying about French as SL in the following quotation  « The French, in Algeria, between 1830 and 1962; tried actively to suppress Arabic. The French influence resulted in many different levels and mainly the linguistic level. The latter reflected the impact of the French language on Algerians who were being forced to speak French and then obliged to learn it in schools, but prior to independence and after 1990s a new revolution came to the surface and the Algerian authoritarians started new relations with USA to give some importance to English as an essen tial medium to be integrated in the Algerian schools. In the beginning, English was taught in middle and secondary schools to students from the eight classes in the middle school to the third classes of the secondary school up to 2005. English at that time had not been being perfectly taught in Algeria in comparison with some developing countries. By the time, because English has become a lingua franca (henceforth ELF), which is defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication, English as a global language (e.g. Crystal 2003; Gnutvzmann 1999), English as a world language (e.g. Mair 2003) and World English (Brutt-Griffler 2002) English as an international language (EIL) becomes influencing force everywhere across the world. Due to these facts of the current situation of English, Algerian Government decides to go through changes in various fields to hold and improve this global language in higher studies. Among these changes are implementation of policies made in education related to new approaches and system were brought to Algerian institutions such as LMD System and competency based approach (henceforth CBA) in primary and secondary schools. CBA approach has been brought to the Algerian schools in 2002 as a new approach and a part of reform in the primary, middle and secondary school. It has been imposed as a primary part of reform and complimentary to LMD reform on EFL teacher. To make CBA approach successful, the education minister mobilized all responsible for schools (primary, middle and secondary) to follow the CBA implementation. Moreover, Algerian ministry contribute, morally and financially, to give all opportunities and provide all those who are responsible for helping teachers and students with materials needed and equipments to be familiar with CBA success in the classroom. Thus, inspectors spent much time and money for making seminars in all over the country to instruct and correct the teachers ways in the teaching of English language and following the planning of English curriculum. In addition to the CBA, the LMD reform is also brought to the Algerian university in 2003 to continue the correctness of the teaching of English. In this work, we shall focus on some changes of approaches and systems such as LMD to see whether it is towards a more communicative use of English as a second language and a more focus on English language teaching. ELT is not easy responsibility for EFL teachers to teaching all of the students assigned to a classroom in university. The latter becomes, now, the world question in holding English as an international language which becomes increasingly important and required in Algeria in the last decade. Nowadays, there are much debate on what is teaching and how it becomes in the twentieth century, some people say that teaching is a creative way to become joined with and support others to help all learners learn. Others say that without teaching learning is not a way to make teachers and students more efficient. McKay (2002) says, The teaching and learning of an international language must be based on an entirely different set of assumptions than the teaching and learning of any other second and foreign language. McKay (2002:1) This quotation makes us ask the following questions: 1-How should English be taught under LMD system as a challenging language in Algeria? (Our focus in this work). 2- What purpose of learning English should we achieve? (That is what we are looking for) 3- Can we be best English teachers? (This is our hypotheses to be proved) According to the questions above, we begin to analyze these issues regarding the role of English in our own lives and in our society. We first start by looking at EF L teachers role, i.e. how do they play a central role in the teaching of English language perfectly? How do they apply the instructions given to teach English and how to be responsible for motivating their students to learn? It is essential that teachers themselves are aware of the way they are following to go through the four skills of listening, reading, speaking and writing including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and spelling all contribute to effective English communication. The much attention we give to each skill area is due to the teachers and learners competence and their needs. In addition, teachers should be adjusted in the light of the current status of English in the world. As Parker Palmer (1998: 308) points out, When I do not know myself, I cannot know who my students are. I will see them through a glass darkly, in the shadows of my unexamined life and when I cannot see them clearly, I cannot teach them well. Parker Palmer (1998: 308) It is clear to know how able we, as teachers, are to make our students understand and know ourselves in society as well as we can understand from P. Palmer the relative position and attention given to English has been considered and examined from ideological and cultural or political standpoints rather than pedagogical concerns. The latter is very important point to discuss in accordance with our situation as Algerian EFL teachers. Unfortunately, with the classical system we, cannot be adjusted in the light of the current status of English in Algeria because, up to 2005, there are many obstacles and factors make our EFL teachers incapable to make all students understand such as: 1-The number of students is overmuch in a class (40 50) 2- Insufficient communicative activities use for teaching English language skills such as reading, listening, writing, grammar, etc. 3- Inadequately equipped classrooms and the lack of ICTs use. 4- The impact of a social factor on EFL teachers as well as learners 5- Being authoritarian traditional teachers 6- Being passive traditional learners. 7- Being too shy to speak English in the classroom. 8-The impact of mother tongue (L1) on students and some teachers pronunciation too Due to some deficiencies mentioned above, the Algerian government started rebuilding the skeleton of university which is the image of the country abroad. So since 2OO1, the ministry of higher education has decided to diagnose the situation in order to provide immediate and sustainable solutions for university and here a new Algerian university system has imposed itself. Following the recommendations of the National Committee of the education reform, a reform plan was adopted by the Cabinet in April 30, 2002 and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research has adopted a ten-year strategy to develop the sector for the period 2004-2013, one of whose main themes is The development and implementation of an overall and deep reform of higher education, the first step is the establishment of a new architectural educations, including an updating and upgrading of various educational programs, and a reorganization of the educational management. Thus, the choice goes towards the new BMD: Bachelor-Master-Doctorate system, or LMD ( Licence, Master and Doctorate) as it is known, to meet the expectations of society and also to be in conc ordance with the new guidelines and global trends in higher education. This system examines, evaluates and improves the way the teachers and learners are following now to better and develop their English. It also defines the ways and means to teach study and evaluate differently in higher education. It aims to motivating and enabling students across the world by allowing diplomas to be compared and become equivalent to European diplomas, developing the professionalization of higher education whilst preserving the general interest nature of the teaching, to strengthening the learning of transverse skills such as fluency in foreign modern languages and computer skills encouraging the students mobility and encouraging the students access to the world of work in Europe allowing the student to build up a personalized education plan gradually. Because English is too challenging for us and becoming the most dominant and useful language among many European languages, our governments has adopted many systems (policies) that promote ELT in Algeria. At present, English is considered as a foreign language that is offered as a required subject at all levels of higher education in university. In order to understand and recognize that the introduction of English language into the Algerian educational system lead us to have part in the globalization, our government made huge effort to change the policies that have been being followed in 1900s. For instance, at the level of university, the LMD system is about a new approach based on the Communicative Approach that has been implemented in the Algerian university almost in all subjects and specialties, as we have already said above. LMD system has been introduced into our universities by August 2003 to make changes in syllabuses and curriculum development in order to reduce and overcome the difficulties and the obstacles cited (see page 5) and make English teaching and learning successful under the new system LMD. As well, to achieve good results, EFL university teachers must be ready to change from traditional teacher to modern changing the traditional approaches into more communicative innovative activities to teaching to what extent we pay much attention to the four skills perfectly. On the one hand, the changes made and brought to universities contribute to achieve success in teaching and learning languages. On the other hand, there are many different reasons for changes, so too are there many different kinds, or levels, of change that can take place in globalization. Interestingly, in Algeria there are changes towards teaching English more explicitly, and with more of a focus on form. Furthermore, nowadays, the emphasis is on to what extent do systems and approaches impact, positively, on ELT to improve EFL students levels in order to get much knowledge and then achieve perfect English to securing their jobs through acknowledged degrees and high levels of employment because the spread of joblessness across the world particularly in Algeria have upset authorities. From the various opinions of learners, even longer studies are not an end in themselves everyone now understands that schools and universities are the first starting point for everyone desires to realize any project. Aiming to get higher studies is simply a means to access better jobs likely to lead to higher social status (profession, security, wage, etc.). For that reason, English language becomes, for EFL students, a dominant subject, an international language and a means for getting job easily. It is now required, across the globe, and important for the Algerian learners and/or job seekers. The question then is what concrete roles does English development give to the EFL LMD students in the Algerian university? Coleman (2010) addresses a similar question by reviewing the functions of English as a foreign language in development. He refers to four areas where English has often been given a role to play: 1-for employability 2-for international mobility 3-for unlocking development opportunities and accessing information 4- as an impartial language. These four points must find an answer in the implementation of LMD systems results. Thus, the present work study is devoted to overcome the difficulties and problems Algerian teachers and learners are encountering in acquiring English language for specific purpose. The latter has been conducted by many researches to discuss the various problems that Arab universities encounter and mainly Algerian university. These kinds of problems refer to their ability as teachers or their competence in transmitting skills. Mukattash (1983) divides the problem that learners of English encounter into problems of pronunciation, spelling, morphology and syntax at the level of university as well students or learners unable to express themselves that what makes difficulties spread. For Mukattash the students major difficulties arise from the fact that they cannot use English correctly and appropriately in and out the classroom when required; he says: Comfortably and efficiently either when dealing with academic topics or common everyday topics (1983:169). What we can understand by the difficulty of English efficiency is related to the students deficiencies in communicative competence and self -confidence. Consequently, to face these kinds of problems of communicative competence, Ministry and educational experts run to find solutions to these problems by changing the strategies and encourage the training abroad that gives the learners a good knowledge and culture as well as make them confident. The queries to be raised here are how universities could be developed into places where advanced knowledge was disseminated and what are the strategies and the reforms are going to be followed. It is only recently that universities have become the almost systematic pragmatics, looking for motivation and aptitude for higher and perfect studies. As a main part of this work, we have also shed light on another part of reform which is called ICT (information, communication and technology). It also impacts on our understanding in the teaching and learning of English language through changes. According to many linguists, the use and integration of ICT might indeed provide students with much information in learning E L (henceforth English language) competency as well as make better and more attractive the quality of EFL teachers and students learning under LMD and CBA experience. They approve that the use of ICT becomes an effective medium to better and develop the English language. As well, ICT helps in the use of interactive lessons through the four skills to speed up the teaching and learning of English perfectly. Moreover, the impact of the use of ICT on teaching and learning is a promising scope of interest for researchers in various disciplines such as mathematics, informatics, education and sports, literature, English studies or teaching foreign languages and so forth. The latter becomes one area where ICTs influence is widely investigated. In a special report, (International Certificate Conference, 2002), devoted to the impact of Information and Communication Technologies on teaching foreign languages and on the role of foreign language teachers in Europe, the term ICT includes technologies in which the computer or laptop plays a central role, for example, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), the Internet, and a variety of generic computer applications. To reinforce what has been said in (2002), in (2003) Carmen et al say that integrating ICT tools in teaching can lead to increased students learning competencies and increased opportunities for communication and it is a rapid development in the learning and teaching of foreign languages more particularly English. Nowadays, the rapid developments and the frequent use of ICTS in Algerian society is not only impact on a quick computing discourse has generated linguistic convergence it is also the focus on the use of ICT in schools and universities. The latter now require much availability of computers provided with the net/ internet because they become a support for learning and teaching any discipline and mainly languages. Thus, the use of ICT in both education and higher education becomes an important element in the Algerian governments strategy to reinforce and ensure the effectiveness of systems implementation such as LMD in higher education. Higher education goes with the ICTs use which becoming more important to contribute to the growth and development of learning and teaching in the 21st century. In this part, we highlight the effectiveness of ICT in higher education and we seek to explore how it will impact on the way courses will be given to learners and delivered in the universities. Having spoken on the whole study work, generally, leads us to think of the following: Statement of the problem Through our experience of more than 5 years of teaching English under the new system LMD at the University of Mostaganem, we have noticed changes in the attitudes of our students and teachers towards LMD system. Students come to university with no idea about LMD; the only idea they have had in mind is the CBA approach which is implemented in 2002 in the secondary school. They have already been familiar with the competency based approach in undertaking all kind of new tasks, techniques and methods given to be applied. The questions to be raised here are as follows: Is there any relation between LMD and CBA reforms? To what extent can the LMD system contribute positively or negatively to teaching and learning foreign languages mainly the English language? Does ICT contribute to enhance ELT? If yes how? Are all teachers familiar with ICT? If yes or no why? Are all teachers familiar with ICT? If yes or no why? Pragmatically speaking how is the relationship between CBA, LMD and ICT in use? Hypotheses On the basis of what have been preceded, we are going to formulate the following hypotheses: 1. In relation to CBA, would LMD system respond to the students and teachers needs in mastering English? 2. Would curriculum development in the new implementation system such as LMD and CBA fit the world demand in education? 3. Must all teachers and leaders use ICT to enhance foreign languages/ English? The organization of the research Our doctoral research revolves around five chapters. The first chapter is devoted to talk about a broad review of the relevant literature relating to the fundamental concepts of teaching and learning theories, ending up with some clarifications about what is curriculum including the various systems that have been implemented in teaching languages such as LMD system and the CBA approach . In chapter two, research methodology, we are going to present first an introduction to what is qualitative research and then describe the steps of the techniques used, starting with the review of some definitions given about the qualitative research methodology, we have read and summarized, ending with our illustration of the experience we have undertaken during our investigation. .i.e. the discussion of the importance and objectives of qualitative research methods we have undergone. Chapter Three is devoted to the main changes, LMD system and CBA approach, which took place in the educational system in the Algerian university. Chapter Four is devoted to talk about the impact of the ICTS on these changes or reforms, LMD system and CBA approach. Chapter five presents the analysis of data collected from questionnaires and then discusses the results. Finally in the general conclusion, we try to summarize all what have been preceded and said before to suggest some solutions or hypothesis to avoid failure in education and give much importance and attention to LMD, ICT, CBA and curriculum development to make higher studies successful and effective in the teaching of the English language..