Computer Crime - 3446 Words

Computer Crime Computer crimes need to be prevented and halted thought increased computer network security measures as well as tougher laws and enforcement of those laws in cyberspace: Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. All that is required is a personal computer, a modem, and a phone line. Increasing instances of white-collar crime involve computers as more businesses automate and information becomes an important asset. Computers are objects of crime when they or their contents are damaged, as when terrorists attack computer centers with explosives or gasoline, or when a computer virus--a program capable of altering or erasing computer memory--is†¦show more content†¦Todays Techno bandits generally fall one of three groups, listed in the order of the threat they pose: 1. Current or former computer operations employees. 2. Career criminals who use computers to ply their trade. 3. The hacker. Outsiders who break into computer systems are sometimes more of a threat, but employees and ex-employees are usually in a better position to steal. Because we rely more and more on computers, we also depend on those who make them and run them. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the fastest growing employment opportunities are in the field computers and data- processing. Since money is a common motive for those who use their computing know-how to break the law, losses from computer theft are expected to grow as the number of computer employees rises. The following are examples of how employees that work on computers can gain profit at the employers expense: In 1980, two enterprising ticket agents for TransWorld Airlines (TWA) discovered how to make their employers computer work for them. The scam went like this: When a passenger used cash to pay for a one-way ticket, Vince Giovengo sent in the credit change form, which should have been discarded. He kept the receipt the should have been given to the costumer for paying cash. Samuel Paladina, who helped board passengers, kept the part of the travelers ticket that should have been returned to the costumer. The twoShow MoreRelatedComputer Crimes And Computer Crime1066 Words   |  5 Pagescomputer crimes oc/wcc Introduction Ever since computers and networks were invented there have been hackers and computer crimes have grown with the advancement of technology. As with the advancement of technology and computer crimes there have been many types of computer crimes that have evolved with technology. There have been laws in place to help reduce and regulate computers and computer crimes. History of computer crimes Computers and networks became increasingly known and used inRead MoreComputer Crime And Its Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computersRead MoreComputer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime1296 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes† (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The term hacker came about in the early 80’s defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. HoweverRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes may threatenRead MoreComputer Crime Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: COMPUTER CRIME Categories of Computer Crime S.R Skolnick Strayer University In todays society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known as theRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegallyRead More Computer Crime Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesof the twenty-first century--the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana Kendall, crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other sanctions (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has reallyRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Computer Crime2441 Words   |  10 Pagesexposed to computers each day are also increasing. Using computers have become part of our daily lives to the extent that the world would not function as it would now without the use of computers. With that, criminals are moving on to using computers for their criminal activities and thus computer crimes are born. Every now and then we will hear news of companies getting hacked, government websites being defaced, customers’ information being leaked out and other various computer crimes all over theRead More Computer Crime Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practiceRead MoreComputer Crime And Inadequacy Of Computer Laws1769 Words   |  8 PagesComputer Crime and Inadequacy of Computer Laws Introduction On 9 February 2015, Moscow-based security firm, Kaspersky Lab, released a report indicating that a group of international hackers stole an amount summing up to 1 billion from 100 banks. These attacks were carried out in 30 different nations by installing malware, which enabled them to gain control of the banks’ internal operations. Although such hacks have been attempted before, the scale and sophistication of the attacks, which spanned

Analyzing Identity in Racist Language Essay - 884 Words

Throughout the semester I have learned to analysis the dialogue of the texts we read and came to find out the characters voices derive the tone of the authors argument. Better yet, I learned how to read between the lines. Based on the series of texts I have read in GEW 101, I come to depict the significance of language to ones identity is that racism is not acceptable, by comparing texts, authors and scholarly sources. Some of the texts and authors include: Martin L. King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail; Urban Neanderthals; Black Ball; Gran Torino and a Very Old Man with Enormous Wings. I believe that the connection between all these texts brought about a social change in the community by the language of the authors. The leader of†¦show more content†¦Blacks and Whites should not receive better equality than one another. King exclaims in his letter to the clergymen, â€Å"Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its boun ds.† The language that King proposes gives the community such enduring positive social change. His audience believes his identity can change the nonviolence towards Blacks in the Civil Rights Movement. King wanted American at its best, and was willing to do anything in that power to achieve it. For example during the month of December in 1955, after the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Rosa Parks refused to obey the mandatory guidelines for segregation on the buses. Shortly after a bus boycott was created and Martin L. King Jr. was elected president of the newly formed Montgomery Improvement Association. I believe Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail gave him an identity in the world for people who wanted to make a difference. The bus boycott did just that, the busses we desegregated a year later. King was used as an image everybody looked up too, to change the idea that only whites were aloud in certain restaurants or restr ooms. â€Å"Daddy, why do whites people treat colored people so mean?† (Aaron pg. 442). The tone of the quote is sad, representing a child asking his father why white people treat blacks so unjust and unfair. How would you try to change racism if your son askedShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Sula Broken Minds : A Psychological Perspective1286 Words   |  6 Pagesinterpret the causation behind each character’s psychological mind, the reader must employ an African American critical theoretical method when analyzing the literature. African American critical theory requires both the knowledge of Black Psychology and Gender Psychology which also involves general knowledge regarding African American history. Analyzing an African American themed novel can sometimes be difficult for those whom are not of African decent and have not experienced diversity or prejudiceRead MoreRace Relations Light Years From Earth913 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the typical â€Å"white messiah † formula occasionally, according to Mitu Sengupta in her article, â€Å"Race Relations Light Years From Earth,† one can conclude that the entertainment industry is still perpetuating racial inequalities and racism. By analyzing â€Å"Avatar† and the concept of the â€Å"white messiah†, one can argue racism still exists in the American society and whites feel guilty about the racial inequalities. Even though they have this guilt, whites will not change if it means that they must giveRead MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 Pagesto become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as much of the dominant society s culture as possible, particularly its language, mannerisms, and goals for success, and thus give up much of its own culture. Assimilations stands in contrast to racial cultural pluralism the maintenance and persistence of one s culture, language, mannerisms, practices, art, and so on. be able to measure the existence and extent of racial discrimination of a particular kind in a particularRead MoreEssay about Personality Development of Joseph Paul Franklin1689 Words   |  7 Pageshappened to Franklin and how that helped him develop his identity. These are two very different tests but they serve different and equally important purposes, as does the Five Factor Model trait analysis. This analytic tool is decidedly short on weaknesses because of its history of development and the trait analyses tools that have come before it from which it could be honed. McCrae and John argue that â€Å"Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnairesRead MoreTelevision, Television And The Internet1399 Words   |  6 Pagesinternalizing these myths through the analysis of the Black Lives Matter movement and the critiques surrounding media outlets and their coverage of Black bodies. Roland Barthes’s Notion of Myth tells us that mythology is a larger part of cultural language with the inclusion of images . He speculates that myth naturalizes and legitimizes social constructs and is an empty signifier until appropriated by a dominant ideology. I am suggesting that Africa, in the eyes of global news network and media conglomeratesRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Understanding, Culture, And Perspectives1470 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"black† people residing in America and I can’t necessarily say that they are from Africa, but I do know from experience that African descendants are highly offended when they are compared to African Americans. Black culture can be seen in religion, language, family structure, food, music, dance, art, and so much more. The African culture originated from Africa and was forced to move to America and become slaves at that point Africans were disbursed all over the U.S. until roughly the 13 or 14 centuryRead More A Multicultural Education956 Words   |  4 Pagesthe four phases of multicultural education: incorporating ethnic studies into school curricula, total school reform for educational equality, inclusion of other minority groups by incorporating their history and culture into the curriculum, and analyzing the differences of race, class and gender. In order to move forward with the implementation of multicultural education, educators most be made more aware of integrating content, building a diverse knowledge base which is delivered equitably in theRead MoreFear Of The Latino Invasion Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pageshas many people feeling that their country, rights, property, and security—the basic components of the American Identity— are being threatened because of a perception that Latinos are not ‘Americanizing’. I argue that not only are these fears that Latinos are endangering American Culture are in fact illegitimate, but also that the idea of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œAssimilation’ or ‘Americanizing’ promotes the racist hegemony of the Anglo-Conformity Model that contends that any immigrant who does not meet both the criteria ofRead MoreDiscourse Analysis Mini Research4784 Words   |  20 PagesStudy Language has a social function as a tool to make connection between human beings. Without language, it seems impossible for people to interact with others in their daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In case of communication, some public figures might influence language use in socio culture. The figure public not only as the entertainer for society but also as a trendsetter of any aspects such as the fashion style, hobby, and the language style.Read MoreDeculturalization Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesculture is the basis of ethnocentrism. People have repeatedly become victims of deculturalization, especially in the United States, and by analyzing this ethnocentrism one learns the importance of sustaining different cultures in society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many methods of deculturalization, such as segregation, isolation, and forced change of language. When the content of curriculum reflects culture of dominant group, it is deculturalization. Also, dominated groups are not allowed

Reflection and Reflective Practice †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reflection and Reflective Practice. Answer: Introduction A male patient, 80 years of age presented to his general practitioner with a persistent cough. The practitioner suspected symptoms of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or early congestive cardiac failure (CCF). The chest X-ray of the patient was done and it has shown a COPD, right-sided consolidation and pneumonia on the right side of the lung. The Computed tomography scan of the chest was done to ascertain how much consolidation is there, exacerbation of COPD and small lesions in lungs. Adequacy- according to PIER mnemonic the adequacy of film can be asses:- Position- Typically, PA and lateral view. Inspiration- good inspiratory effect with 10 to 12 ribs. Exposure the exposure is adequate to demonstrate both soft and bony tissues.The thoracic spine can be through the heart show, indicating that penetration is sufficient.The only artifact present is from the L marker, which is overlying the distal end of the right clavicle; this could potentially be obstructing bony lesion located behind it. Rotation- there is some degree of rotation. The PA view of the chest shows the medial end of the clavicle is not equidistant to the thoracic spinous processes. On the lateral view, ribs are not superimposed. These positional errors do not make images un-diagnostic. Bones and soft tissues bony structure appears normal on PA chest. There is some osteophyte lipping seen on the anterior aspects of the vertebrate of a thoracic spine. Thoracic discs appeared narrowed (Jones, 2011) Diaphagram The right diaphragm is raised, with large gas bubble (bowel and or stomach) seen inferiorly to it. The left costophrenic and cardiophrenic angles appear sharp Effusion- The right costrophrenic angle is slightly blunted suggesting small pleural effusion. There is small right basal effusion. Hilum The cardiothoracic ratio is towards the upper limit. The hilum appears normal. There are two masses located within the right lung, the larger mass is shown in mid to upper zone abutting the right hilum, and the second, smaller mass, which is round in shape, is shown in the middle zone of the lung. The trachea is deviated to the right due to the presence of the mid-upper zone mass lesion. The right hilum is difficult to assess due to the presence of the right-sided mass Clinical History The patient was experiencing persistent cough. The chest X-ray of the patient was performed The chest X-Ray reports have shown that patient is suffering from COPD. A routine chest series was performed, which included both Postero-anterior views and left lateral view. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema causes shortness of breath due to abnormal enlargement of terminal bronchioles that block air flow. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of bronchioles. Patient suffering from COPD have blunted costophrenic angles which are caused due to pleural effusions. COPD results in flattering of diaphragm and narrowing of tracheal tubes. Chest X-ray of COPD Patient demonstrates abnormal images only in 16 % of cases which is limited mainly to signs of pulmonary congestion or inflammatory infiltrate. Due to these reasons chest, X-Ray is not recommended on daily routines other than cases of massive pleural effusions, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax and suspected pneumonia. The ben efits of chest X-ray are no radiation remains in the patient body which decreases the chances of cancer, they have no side effect in the diagnosis, it is inexpensive and widely available in nursing homes, physician offices and other locations which makes it convenient for both physician and patient. Limitations of Chest X-Ray are normal chest X-Ray does not find out pulmonary problems. In some cases, airway interstitial and pulmonary vascular disease cannot be detected by X-Ray (Luppi, Begh Roversi, 2012) There is large left bronchitis. ar and anteromedial left upper lobe soft tissue mass which is approximately 11 cm in length and around 6 cm transverse diameter and 6 cm AP diameter. There is second rounded mass measuring 4 cm diameter in left mid zone. There are small right pleural effusion and mild elevation of right hemidiaphragm. There is small nodules or rolled atelectasis in the right lower lobe. The right lung seems normal and there is no right pleural fluid. No pleural calcifications or plaques is noticed. The cardiac size is normal. The superior mediastinum and trachea are shifted to the right of midline. There is no obvious tracheal narrowing. No obvious ribs destruction is seen. No thoracic crush fractures are seen. Chest X-Ray has shown that there is hilar and pulmonary masses. There is small pleural effusion. These findings may indicate a sign of malignancies. Additional CT chest/Abdo/pelvis is done to further evaluate these masses within the chest and to determine whether one of these masses are metastatic or primary or if both are metastatic tumors. A CT scan of chest/Abdo/pelvis with intravenous contrast was performed which has shown that larger superior lesion is a primary malignancy. The patient has large retroperitoneal nodes in the right upper abdomen. After CT scan results, biopsy of patient lung lesions has been done to determine the grade of masses in the left lung. The biopsy samples of large, para-hilar regions have shown small- cell lung carcinoma. The patient was referred to an oncologist and his chemotherapy was started. After completing three courses of chemotherapy the CT scan was again performed. The CT scan has shown that the growth of lung masses has not stopped. Chest X-Ray or chest film is a chest radiograph used to diagnose diseases affecting the chest and its nearby structures. They are most commonly used the radiological procedure. Chest X-Ray is the most common film used in medicine for diagnosis. They are difficult to interpret. The benefits of chest X-ray are no radiation remains in the patient body which decreases the chances of cancer, they have no side effect in the diagnosis, it is inexpensive and widely available in nursing homes, physician offices and other locations which makes it convenient for both physician and patient. Chest X-ray of COPD Patient demonstrates abnormal images only in 16 % of cases which is limited mainly to signs of pulmonary congestion or inflammatory infiltrate (Weiss, 1995). In this case, the patient is 80 years old having a persistent cough. The practitioner suspected symptoms similar to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a chest X-Ray was done. Chest X-ray has shown that there is small pleural effusion, left bronchitis, left hilar and pulmonary masses, costrophrenic angles are blunted and there is a zone of consolidation in lower ribs. Left hilar and pulmonary masses may indicate the sign of primary and metastatic malignancies. CT scan of lungs is performed to check the lesions in lungs. CT scan helps to diagnose the cause of shortness of breath, unexplained cough, chest pain, lesions, and small nodules in lungs. CT scanning is fast, noninvasive and painless. It is a standard for demonstrating pulmonary adenopathy. CT scan is very useful in detecting small lesions and area close to the diaphragm. CT scan identified larger superior lesion is a primary malignancy. A biopsy is performed after detecting lung lesions. The biopsy samples of large, par a-hilar regions have shown that patient is having lung carcinoma (Brenner, 2012). Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a type of cancer in which malignant cells form in the tissue of the lung. Small cell lung carcinoma is a type of lung cancer in which cancer cells get deposited in tissues of lung.it is also called oat cell cancer. Sign and symptoms may result from paraneoplastic phenomena, compression of thoracic structures and distant metastases. The common symptoms of small-cell lung carcinoma are dyspnea, shortness of breath and persistent or worsening of a cough.The symptoms of SCLC involves compression of the oesophagus that leads to dysphagia, laryngeal nerves compression results in hoarseness, head, and neck superficial nerves get distended and superior vena cava compression results in facial edema. Th brain metastases or bone metastases may result in neurological defects or pain or personality change. The physical examination of SCLC patient may identify pneumonia, signs of chronic obstructive disease, supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, lobar collapse and pleural effusion. ("Small cell lung cancer", 1987). According to Australian government statistics 2013, lung can cer is 5th most commonly diagnosed cancer .in 2014 it was the leading cause of death due to cancer. In 2014 there were approximately 8,200 death from lung and which may increase to 9,000 in 2017 ("Lung cancer statistics | Lung cancer", 2017). The protocol which is followed to determine cancer includes physical examination, history, and routine laboratory tests. Conventional radiography uses X-Ray to visualize internal body parts .it evaluates abdomen, chest, spine, and abdomen. The X-ray consists produced electromagnetic radiation by passing high voltage in terminals of the vacuum tube. The energy of X-ray can be modulated by changing the voltage and current. The shadows after X-ray can be detected by using fluoroscopic systems or combinations of photographic films. The common technique used to visualize X-rays is to expose a single image on fluorescent screens which converts it into visible light. Density, the thickness of different tissues produce different levels of X-Ray attenua tion. Lungs full of air appear black in color, calcified tissues such as bone appear white in color and soft tissues are of intermediate characteristics. In conventional radiography, four densities which can be soft tissue, air, calcified tissue, and fat can be determined. In case of normal chest, X-Ray mediastinal surface and heart appear clear with respect to black lungs (Medina Blackmore, 2007). However, in case of consolidation more light is absorbed by lungs in chest X-Ray results in loss of outlines of the adjacent structure. There are various contrast agents used when natural contrast is not present in X-Ray. It is divided into positive contrast and negative contrast. Positive contrast is of high radiodensity such as barium and iodine while negative contrast is of low density such as air and carbon dioxide. To demonstrate structural abnormalities or derive functional information positive contrast is used. The positive contrast agents are water soluble which can form soluble compounds with lower toxicity. These agents can be either ionizing or nonionizing. In negative contrast, it is used as a double contrast to image colon, stomach, and colon (Dodd, 2007). The various radiographic techniques are patient positioning. Inpatient positioning radiographs are taken using standard projections. Conventionally standard projections define according to the directions of X-Ray beams. The final projections are those that line in sagittal axis with the X-Ray beam. The lateral view is taken parallel to the coronal axis. In case of posterior-anterior view chest radiograph is taken against anterior chest while in anterior-posterior vie the X-Ray is taken against the posterior chest. A radiograph is a two-dimensional image, a three-dimensional structural image is recommended in minimum two planes for small lesions. The respiration phase is important in chest radiography, conventional inspiration shows lung field well as compare to expiratory view it shows pneumothorax. Various techniques can be used to improve the quality of chest radiography. A grid is used to improve image quality by filtering the obliquely scattered radiation. Restriction of the X-Ra y beam to the area of interest helps to improve image quality and helps to reduce the dose of X-Rays. Computed tomography is highly efficient and prevents overexposure. It produces a higher proportion of diagnostic radiographs thus minimising radiation dose. Radiation dosage affects the person health (Chawla, 2015). X-Ray causes ionization of tissues which harmfully affect physiochemical properties of tissues. These effects are directly related to exposure. Approximately 87% of exposure to radiation is naturally while remaining is due to X-Rays. The radiation dose of X-Ray is varied from country to country. To minimize exposure to radiation, radiation to medical personnel and patient must be minimised. The radiation must keep reasonably low. Special considerations must be taken while performing X-Ray of abdomen and pelvis of women especially childbearing age women. The fetus is more susceptible to X-Ray radiation which may cause mutations (Hollingworth Jarvik, 2007). The diagnosis must be made based on evidence-based radiology. Evidence-based radiology is defined as a decision that must be based on the integration of clinical information from most appropriate image test available on the basis of patients expectations, physicians experience, and best available evidence.Evidence-based radiology is based on five principles formulation of the question, efficient literature search, critical analysis of literature, application of search results and evaluation with respect to patients value and physician experience and evaluates the results available from the best diagnostic image. In diagnostic imaging, evidence-based radiology has received more attention(Hollingworth Jarvik, 2007). The principles of evidence-based radiology help to promote proper use of resources, efficiently use of resources and benefits patients. Formulating a question in radiology is very important, it involves the majority of questions related to the superiority of diagnostic ima ging over another related to specific pathology. The well-structured questions consist of Define patient, group of patients and their problem, intervention which is to be evaluated such as in this case Chest X-Ray and CT scan of the chest, comparison of the test result with the standard if any and evaluation of final result. After formulating a questioning look for best possible evidence, as the enormous volume of literature and books are available Haynes proposed a model of pyramid evidence which has six levels. The hierarchy of six level Haynes model includes studies- synopsis of studies - syntheses -synopsis of syntheses - summaries - systems. According to this model, the literature which appears in higher levels is considered scientifically better than lower levels. After formulating a question and finding best literature next is critically evaluate the literature. In critical evaluation the comparison between standard reference and test being evaluated. The procedure which used commonly is to use standard reference test on all patient regardless of test results evaluation. The staistical analysis is the major problems experienced by most clinicians. It is important to consider the scope of test which must be according to the patient problem (Smith, 2008). Test avilability, its risks and cost must be considered . Once the major question for clinical evidence is found next is a clinical experience which is applied to patient values and prefrences. Before the results of test apply to patient, assessment of diagnostic test reproducibility must be done, assessment of available alternatives, calculation of the probability that patient has the disease before a diagnostic test or performing the test and consideration of pros and cons of diagnostic test was done or performed. The last step is an evaluation of the results. Evaluate efficiency and effectiveness of diagnostic test or imaging performed as the tests performed in local and specialized labs varies, there fore they need to be evaluated. The specific resources available for evidence-based radiology includes books, journal articles, websites, workshops and conferences (Lilford, 1997). Treatment options available for SCLC patients is based on stage, histology, general health, and comorbidities of the patient. The treatment for cancer may depend on the stage and general health. Surgery and chemotherapy are an available treatment for SCLC. Most commonly chemotherapy is used. Use of surgery for SCLC is rare. Radiotherapy can be used to treat StageI- Stage III of SCLC. Currently, there is no screening test available on routinely in Australia. Computed tomography is used to screen the patient suffering from lung cancer. Limited stage SCLC can be treated with concurrently using of chemotherapy and radiation therapy combination. In the advanced stage of lung cancer, palliative treatment is used to assess and manage pain, nausea and spreading of cancer. Prognosis of individual health will depend on their stage and type of cancer, age, and their general health. For patients who do not tolerate the combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, sequential therapy is give n to them (Srensen, 2009). The majority of patients treated with chemotherapy alone has higher locally relapse rate. In comparison, thoracic radiation therapy has very low local relapse rate. Combination of thoracic radiation therapy and chemotherapy has higher control on the overall disease. In patients with LD-SCLC thoracic radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy is considered to be standard treatment. After initial treatment, chest radiation helps to reduce chances of cancer relapsing in the chest. Chest radiation is given after chemotherapy has been completed especially in those patients which have large tumors. The thoracic radiation must be given to a patient who has lymph node involvement in cancer. (End, 2006). References Brenner, D. (2012). Radiation and Chest CT Scans. Chest, 142(3), 549-550. Chawla, H. (2015). Diagnostic Utility of Conventional Radiography in Head Injury. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. Dodd, J. (2007). Evidence-based Practice in Radiology: Steps 3 and 4Appraise and Apply Diagnostic Radiology Literature. Radiology, 242(2), 342-354. The end, A. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer Non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and carcinoids. European Surgery, 38(1), 45-53Evidence-Based Imaging: Optimizing Imaging in Patient Care. (2008). Radiology, 247(2), 344-345. Hollingworth, W., Jarvik, J. (2007). Technology Assessment in Radiology: Putting the Evidence in Evidence-based Radiology. Radiology, 244(1), 31-38. Jones, C. (2011). Interpreting chest X-rays. Radiography, 17(2), 175. Lilford, R. (1997). Evidence-based medicine, preference-based practice, and clinical decision analysis. Evidence-Based Healthcare, 1(2), 23-24. Lung cancer statistics | Lung cancer. (2017). Lung-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 27 September 2017, from https://lung-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics Medina, L., Blackmore, C. (2007). Evidence-based Radiology: Review and Dissemination. Radiology, 244(2), 331-336. Small cell lung cancer. (1987). Lung Cancer, 3(2), 103. Smith, T. (2008). Evidence-based medical imaging (EBMI). Radiography, 14(3), 233-237. Srensen, J. (2009). 36IN EUROPEAN TREATMENT GUIDELINES: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (SCLC). Lung Cancer, 64, S20 Weiss, W. (1995). Chest X-ray Screening for Lung Cancer. Chest, 108(6), 1770.

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Essay Example

The Class and Caste of Maycomb County Paper I think theres just one kind of folks. Folks. (Lee 227). The existence of a superior and inferior stratification in societies are due to economic status, social status, and skin color between the white and black race as demonstrated in To Kill a Mockingbird (Symkowski). Today, this process of identification, while also functioning at the individual level, works itself out at the level of whole groups of people who judge themselves better or worse than other groups, not only in terms of economic property, but also on the basis of such characteristics as skin color, gender, education, sexuality, etc. That each society has such a categorical list is without doubt and Maycombs society was no different. There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb (131). Maycomb County was based on three main classes and a caste: the prestigious and rich of the post-depression era, pursued by the white workers which consisted primarily of farmers, who in turn were followed by what could only be described as white trash. The caste of Maycomb was the Negroes. Roughly translated, Jem tried to make Scout understand that theres four kinds of folks in the world. Theres the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, theres the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. The thing about it is, our kind of folks dont like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams dont like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks (226). The esteemed townsfolk were the Finches, Radleys, Dolphus Raymond, Miss Maudie Atkinson, Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, Miss Stephanie Crawford, and Miss Rachel Haverford because they lived on the main residential street in town (6). We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Class and Caste of Maycomb County specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Atticus Finch was perhaps the most powerful character in the novel. a hero figure, a model to the community, as well as his two children, who will surely follow in his footsteps (Symkowski). He is sincere and very straightforward. if Atticus Finch drank until he was drunk he wouldnt be as hard as some mean are at their best (Lee 45). As Scout recalls, Miss Maudie Atkinson lived one door down from us (16) as she was a Maycomb County inhabitant, the daughter of a neighboring landowner. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Duboses house (was) two doors down to the north Radley place three doors to the south (6). Miss Stephanie Crawford was described as a neighborhood scold (7) and gossip, which became visible because she was just following her ancestors. No Crawford Minds His Business (131). Last but not least, the Finches next door neighbor was Miss Rachel Haverford. These were the people the town trusted, especially Atticus Finch, with the exception of Dolphus Raymond. It seemed as if Judge Taylor asked him to defend Tom Robinson because the town trusted him to and as Jem later points out in the novel Atticus pends his time doin things that wouldnt get done if nobody did em (116). Dolphus Raymond was the town scandal, always drinkin out of a sack (160). He lived a scandalous life, way down near the county line where he resided with a colored woman and all sorts of mixed chillun (161-62). It was the opinion of the townspeople that these children must be real sad because they belonged nowhere, being neither black nor white. Interestingly, while Lee offered no contradiction to the opinion that Mayella has sinned gravely by kissing a black man, Dolphus character is portrayed as far more sympathetic (Baecker). The white workers of Maycomb included the Cunninghams, the Littles, Mr. Aavery, Ms. Caroline, Mr. Deas, Mr. Gilmer, Sheriff Tate, and Mr. Underwood. The Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back and they were described as country folk farmers (Lee 20-21). The Littles were represented through Little Chuck Little, one of Scouts classmates who stood up to Burris Ewell in defense of Ms. Caroline. Mr. Aavery was a boarder at the house across from Mrs. Duboses. Mr. Deas was Tom and Helen Robinsons employer. The state attorney representing the Ewells was Mr. Gilmer. Maycombs sheriff who accompanied Atticus to kill the mad dog and who delivered the news about Bob Ewell was Sheriff Heck Tate. Mr. Braxton Bragg Underwood was the owner, editor, and printer of The Maycomb Tribune. Although he openly disliked blacks, he defended Toms right to a fair trial (Symkowski). The white trash of Maycomb was the Ewells. The Ewells knew that they were the lowest of the low amongst the whites in Maycomb. They had no money, no education, and no breeding (Baecker). The single thing that elevated them at any level in the community was the fact that they were white. All the little man on the witness stand had that made him any better than his nearest neighbors was, that if scrubbed with lye soap in very hot water, his skin was white (Lee 171). Like most people in similar situations, Bob and Mayella wanted to better their station in life (Symkowski). However, Bob was unwilling to put forth the effort necessary to change his familys lot and Mayella did not have the resources to change her own life. The Ewells lived behind the town garbage dump in what was once a Negro cabin (Lee 170). Bob Ewell drank up all the welfare money and was allowed to hunt out of season so his children did not go hungry. Mr. Ewells incestuous relationship with Mayella, the driving force behind her desire to make loving contact with someone else, even if that person is a black man, is mentioned only in passing in the novel. The incestuous relationship of a white trash man with his white trash daughter is a part of the novel often glossed over by scholars who probably find it unremarkable anyway, as if to say, what else can be expected from people living so close to Negroes (Baecker). The caste of Maycomb included the Negroes of the town even though some were educated and morally and economically above the Ewells. The Negroes mentioned the most in the novel were Tom Robinson, Calphurnia, her son Zeebo, and Reverend Sykes. Calphurnia, the Finches housekeeper, grew up at Finchs Landing and moved with Atticus to Maycomb. She was the closest thing to a mother that Jem and Scout had. Calphurnia was also one of the few Negroes who could read and write. Zeebo was the town garbage collector and hes one of the four people who can read at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. Reverend Sykes was the pastor at the First Purchase African M. E. Church. This notion that education makes racism disappear is a common myth (Baecker). Racism was commonly ascribed to poor white trash as though those of the middle and upper classes (who possess more education) have nothing to do with it. The most prominent Negro figure in the novel was Tom Robinson. The trial of Tom Robinson is a significant part of the text, even if the trial itself occupies only fifteen percent of the novel (Symkowski). What may be more significant than the number of pages devoted to the actual trial may be the way in which Lee has constructed the novel so as to compress the issue of race into a tightly constrained portion of the book, bounded on either side by tales of unfairness and prejudice. The injustice that an all-white jury had invoked upon Tom Robinson and then his being shot seventeen times was the extent of the racism in the post-Depression era. The more sophisticated white people in Maycomb at least tried to pretend that their prejudices did not run so deep, but such was not the case with Bob Ewell. Tom only recognized Mayella as a person in need and he paid dreadfully. Todays equivalent of Tom Robinson is the welfare recipient (Baecker). Mention welfare recipient to most people and the image which will spring to their minds is that of the welfare queen: overweight, black, female, uneducated, slovenly, and surrounded by a passel of equally dirty, ignorant children. A society is made of its eloquent people and every person should be cared for equivalently.